Longevity & immune system

Synthetic tetrapeptide — research substance for aging, not approved.

Also known as: Epithalon, AEDG, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

Immunomodulating peptide — approved as Zadaxin in several countries, not FDA-approved.

Also known as: Tα1, Zadaxin, Thymalfasin

A mitochondrially encoded peptide — an "exercise mimetic" of research, not approved.

Also known as: MOTSc, Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c

A cardiolipin-stabilizing mitochondrial peptide — approved in the USA for Barth syndrome in 2025.

Also known as: Elamipretid, Bendavia, MTP-131

Endogenous antimicrobial peptide of the innate immune defense — experimental, not approved as a medicine.

Also known as: Cathelicidin LL-37, hCAP18/LL-37, CAMP

Mitochondria-derived 24-amino-acid peptide from neuro- and longevity research — experimental, not approved.

Also known as: HN, Humanin (HN), HNG (S14G-Humanin, Analogon)

Endogenous 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with immunomodulatory action — as the drug aviptadil it is in clinical testing, not broadly approved

Also known as: VIP, Vasoaktives Intestinales Peptid, Vasoaktives intestinales Polypeptid

A peptide fraction derived from the thymus gland, studied primarily by Russian research groups (Khavinson) as an immunomodulator and "geroprotector" – with only limited independent confirmation.

Also known as: Thymalin, Thymus-Peptidfraktion, Thymus-Peptidpräparat

A controversially debated growth factor from anti-aging research – made famous by "young blood" studies whose findings were later scientifically contested. Not an approved agent.

Also known as: Growth Differentiation Factor 11, GDF11, BMP-11