Beginner view — everything explained simply.
Where our knowledge comes from
There's a lot written about peptides online — and much of it is hearsay from forums or sales pages. We do it differently: we build on the original sources, meaning real studies and official authorities. And we link to them so you can check for yourself. Here we explain, in short, where our knowledge comes from and why you can trust it.
We start at the original sources
Imagine a story passed from person to person — by the end it sounds nothing like the start. That's how many peptide claims are born. We prefer to go straight to the source: to the scientific studies themselves and to the bodies that officially review medicines.
- Studies by researchers, not forum posts
- Official authorities like Europe's EMA and the US FDA
- No marketing promises from sales pages
You can check everything yourself
Trust is good, checking is better. That's why we link to the real sources instead of asking you to take our word for it. You don't have to simply believe us — follow the links and see for yourself.
- Links to public databases of medical literature
- Links to the worldwide registry of clinical trials
- All freely accessible, with no detour through us
We're honest when something is unclear
Sometimes the research is thin, or so far there are only tests in animals — not in people. We don't hide that, because an honest "we don't know yet" is worth more than a nice but false promise. When the evidence is missing, we say exactly that.
- We clearly separate claims from proven facts
- Animal tests are no proof of an effect in humans
- We name open questions instead of hiding them
We update when knowledge changes
Science never stands still. What holds today can be added to or corrected tomorrow by a new study. When the sources move on, we follow — because our content should grow with what's currently known, not stay frozen in place.
The key point in one sentence
Our knowledge comes from real studies and official authorities, we link everything so you can check it, we're honest about uncertainty — and none of this replaces a conversation with a doctor.
Source library
All primary and reference sources linked in the profiles, bundled for your own reading. Scientific judgement starts at the original sources — not at forums or product pages.
PubMed
Database of biomedical literature (NCBI / NLM).
ClinicalTrials.gov
Registry of clinical trials worldwide.
EMA
European Medicines Agency.
FDA
US Food and Drug Administration.
Semaglutid
Profile →- PubMedSELECT — Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (NEJM 2023)Study
- ClinicalTrials.govFLOW — Effekt von Semaglutid auf chronische Nierenerkrankung (Studienregister)Clinical trial
- EMAPRAC: NAION als sehr seltene Nebenwirkung von Semaglutid (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy)Authority / regulatory
Tirzepatid
Profile →Retatrutid
Profile →BPC-157
Profile →TB-500 / Thymosin β4
Profile →GHK-Cu
Profile →CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin
Profile →AOD-9604
Profile →Tesamorelin
Profile →Semax
Profile →Selank
Profile →Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8)
Profile →Matrixyl (Palmitoyl-Peptide)
Profile →Epitalon (Epithalon)
Profile →Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)
Profile →Sermorelin
Profile →GHRP-2
Profile →GHRP-6
Profile →Hexarelin
Profile →Somatropin (HGH 191AA)
Profile →PT-141 (Bremelanotid)
Profile →Melanotan II
Profile →Melanotan I (Afamelanotid)
Profile →MOTS-c
Profile →SS-31 (Elamipretid)
Profile →5-Amino-1MQ
Profile →KPV
Profile →DSIP
Profile →LL-37 (Cathelicidin)
Profile →- PubMedLL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides (Dürr et al., 2006)Review
- PubMedLL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity (Fabisiak et al., Pharmacol Rep 2016)Review
- PubMed CentralThe Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Potential Treatment for Polymicrobial Infected Wounds (Duplantier & van Hoek, Front Immunol 2013)Review
- ClinicalTrials.govInduction of Antitumor Response in Melanoma Patients Using the Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 (abgeschlossene Phase-1/2-Studie)Clinical trial
Follistatin
Profile →- Ueno N et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS), 1987 (PMID 3120188)Isolation and partial characterization of follistatin: a single-chain Mr 35,000 monomeric protein that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormoneStudy
- Kota J et al., Science Translational Medicine, 2009 (PMID 20368179)Follistatin gene delivery enhances muscle growth and strength in nonhuman primatesStudy
- Mendell JR et al., Molecular Therapy, 2015 (PMID 25322757)A phase 1/2a follistatin gene therapy trial for Becker muscular dystrophyClinical trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01519349), Nationwide Children's Hospital — Status: abgeschlossenPhase I Clinical Intramuscular Gene Transfer of rAAV1.CMV.huFollistatin344 Trial to Patients With Becker Muscular Dystrophy and Sporadic Inclusion Body MyositisClinical trial
Humanin
Profile →- Biology (Basel) — Karachaliou & Livaniou, 2023 (PMID 38132360)Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues: Research Findings and PerspectivesReview
- Aging (Albany NY) — Yen et al., 2020 (PMID 32575074)The mitochondrial derived peptide humanin is a regulator of lifespan and healthspanStudy
- Scientific Reports — Yen et al., 2018 (PMID 30242290)Humanin Prevents Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Mice and is Associated with Improved Cognitive Age in HumansStudy
- Neuroscience Letters — Tajima et al., 2002 (PMID 12009529)Evidence for in vivo production of Humanin peptide, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-related insultsStudy
VIP (Vasoaktives Intestinales Peptid)
Profile →- British Journal of Pharmacology (Harmar et al., 2012) — PMID 22289055Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR Review 1Review
- European Respiratory Journal (Leuchte et al., 2008) — PMID 18978135Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertensionStudy
- Trials (Boesing et al., 2022) — PMID 36127739 / PMC9486780Inhaled aviptadil for the possible treatment of COVID-19 in patients at high risk for ARDS: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trialClinical trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov — NCT04311697ZYESAMI (Aviptadil) for the Treatment of Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory Failure (Phase 2/3, abgeschlossen)Clinical trial
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Orphan-Designation vom 28.08.2006EU/3/06/395 — Orphan designation for aviptadil for the treatment of acute lung injuryAuthority / regulatory
Kisspeptin
Profile →- PubMedYang L, Dhillo WS — Kisspeptin as a therapeutic target in reproduction (Expert Opin Ther Targets, 2016)Review
- PubMedJayasena CN et al. — Direct comparison of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men (Human Reproduction, 2015)Study
- PubMedRomero-Ruiz A et al. — Kisspeptin treatment induces gonadotropic responses and rescues ovulation in models and women with PCOS (Human Reproduction, 2019)Study
- PubMedMills EG et al. — Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With HSDD: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA Network Open, 2023)Clinical trial
Liraglutid
Profile →- New England Journal of Medicine / PubMedLiraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER-Studie)Clinical trial
- U.S. FDA / DailyMed (NLM)SAXENDA (liraglutide) injection – Prescribing Information (Boxed Warning, Contraindications, Nebenwirkungen)Authority / regulatory
- StatPearls / NCBI BookshelfLiraglutide – StatPearls (Wirkmechanismus, Pharmakokinetik, Sicherheit)Reference
- ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science / PMCInventing Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue, for the Treatment of Diabetes and ObesityReview
- Journal of Medical Internet Research / PMCMultifactor Quality and Safety Analysis of Semaglutide Products Sold by Online Sellers Without a PrescriptionStudy
Dulaglutid
Profile →- U.S. National Library of Medicine / FDA (DailyMed)TRULICITY (dulaglutide) injection – FDA-Fachinformation (DailyMed), inkl. Boxed Warning zu Schilddrüsen-C-Zell-Tumoren und Kontraindikation bei MTC/MEN 2Authority / regulatory
- The Lancet (PubMed-verlinkte Stroke-Subanalyse; Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol)Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trialClinical trial
- Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews (Wiley), 2016Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive review of the dulaglutide clinical data focusing on the AWARD phase 3 clinical trial programReview
- Diabetes Care (American Diabetes Association), via PubMedEfficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes (AWARD-1)Clinical trial
- European Medicines Agency (EMA)EMA alerts EU patients and healthcare professionals to reports of falsified Ozempic pens (GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten – Fälschungswarnung)Authority / regulatory
Exenatid
Profile →- New England Journal of Medicine, 2017;377(13):1228-1239Holman RR, Bethel MA et al. – Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (EXSCEL)Clinical trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering Trial (EXSCEL) – NCT01144338Clinical trial
- Advances in Therapy, 2017 (PMC5565650)A Review of the Long-Term Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Exenatide Once Weekly for Type 2 DiabetesReview
- UnitedHealthcare Provider Resource Library, 2024Discontinuation of Bydureon BCise and Byetta (exenatide)Authority / regulatory
- PubChem (U.S. National Library of Medicine)Exenatide – Compound Summary (CID 45588096)Reference
Cagrilintid
Profile →- New England Journal of Medicine (2025)Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (REDEFINE 1)Clinical trial
- The Lancet (2023), PubMed PMID 37364590Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a phase 2 trialStudy
- ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05567796 (Sponsor: Novo Nordisk A/S, Phase 3)Efficacy and Safety of Cagrilintide s.c. 2.4 mg in Combination With Semaglutide s.c. 2.4 mg (REDEFINE 1)Clinical trial
- eBioMedicine (2025), PMC12270663Cagrilintide lowers bodyweight through brain amylin receptors 1 and 3Study
- New England Journal of Medicine (2025)Cagrilintide–Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (REDEFINE 2)Clinical trial
Survodutid
Profile →- New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 (PMID 38847460)A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis (Sanyal AJ et al.)Study
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2024 (PMID 38330987)Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial (le Roux CW et al.)Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06066515 (Boehringer Ingelheim)SYNCHRONIZE-1: A Study to Test Whether Survodutide (BI 456906) Helps People Living With Overweight or Obesity Who do Not Have Diabetes to Lose Weight (Phase 3)Clinical trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06077864 (Boehringer Ingelheim)SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT: A Study to Test the Effect of Survodutide (BI 456906) on Cardiovascular Safety in People With Overweight or Obesity (Phase 3)Clinical trial
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2025 (PMID 39582349; PMC11701180)Survodutide improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: a post hoc analysis from a phase 2 trial (Roux CW et al.)Study
Mazdutid
Profile →- eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet) / PMCSafety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: a randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trialStudy
- Nature CommunicationsA phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesityStudy
- NatureMazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (Phase 3)Study
- Innovent Biologics (PR Newswire)Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval from China's NMPA for Chronic Weight ManagementReference
- Innovent Biologics (PR Newswire)Innovent Announces Mazdutide Received Approval from China's NMPA for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 DiabetesReference
Setmelanotid
Profile →- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) / DailyMedIMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection – Highlights of Prescribing Information (Initial U.S. Approval 2020)Authority / regulatory
- Clément K, et al. – Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2020 (PMID 33137293)Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trialsStudy
- Haqq AM, et al. – Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2022 (PMID 36356613)Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trialStudy
- StatPearls Publishing / NCBI Bookshelf (NBK589641)Setmelanotide – StatPearlsReference
Pentadeca Arginate (PDA)
Profile →- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes (S0, WADA-Verbot; nicht für menschliche Anwendung) – betrifft BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischAuthority / regulatory
- Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024, PMC11053547The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity (Mechanismen: NO-System, VEGF/Angiogenese; überwiegend präklinisch) – BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischReview
- Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025, PMC11859134Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide—Literature and Patent Review (Studien überwiegend an Tiermodellen; nicht als Arzneimittel verschrieben, am Schwarzmarkt verfügbar) – BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischReview
- Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2025, PMC12446177Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing (Humandaten äußerst spärlich, nur wenige Pilotstudien; nicht für klinischen Einsatz empfohlen) – BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischReview
ARA-290 (Cibinetide)
Profile →- Molecular Medicine (PubMed, PMID 23168581)Safety and efficacy of ARA 290 in sarcoidosis patients with symptoms of small fiber neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind pilot studyStudy
- Molecular Medicine (PubMed, PMID 24136731)ARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber densityStudy
- Molecular Medicine (PubMed, PMID 25387363)ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetesStudy
- ClinicalTrials.govA Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Phase 2 Dose Ranging Study of the Effects of ARA 290 on Corneal Nerve Fiber Density and Neuropathic Symptoms of Subjects With Sarcoidosis (NCT02039687)Clinical trial
Ipamorelin
Profile →- PubMedRaun et al.: „Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue“ (Eur J Endocrinol, 1998)Study
- ClinicalTrials.govPhase-II-Studie: Safety and Efficacy of Ipamorelin for Management of Post-Operative Ileus (NCT00672074)Study
- WikipediaIpamorelin — Übersicht (NNC 26-0161, Novo Nordisk, Status, Pharmakologie)Reference
- World Anti-Doping AgencyWADA — The Prohibited List (Ipamorelin namentlich unter S2)Reference
IGF-1 LR3
Profile →- Wikipedia (englischsprachiger Übersichtsartikel mit Quellenangaben)IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) – Struktur (Arg3-Austausch, 13-Aminosäuren-N-terminale Verlängerung), reduzierte IGFBP-Bindung und verlängerte WirkdauerReference
- Wikipedia (englischsprachiger Übersichtsartikel mit Quellenangaben)Mecasermin (Increlex) – rekombinantes humanes IGF-1, zugelassene Indikation und Abgrenzung zum nativen IGF-1Reference
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)INCRELEX (mecasermin) injection – Highlights of Prescribing InformationAuthority / regulatory
- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)IGF-1 and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List (exogenes IGF-1 und Analoga jederzeit verboten, Klasse S2)Authority / regulatory
- Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022 / PubMed Central (PMC9395641)Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Carcinogenesis, cancer drug resistance, and therapeutic potentialStudy
Cerebrolysin
Profile →- Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsCerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane Systematic Review, Ziganshina et al., 2023)Review
- PubMed / Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsCerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (CD007026, pub7) – PubMed-EintragReference
- Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsCerebrolysin for vascular dementia (Cochrane Systematic Review, Cui et al., 2019)Review
- WikipediaCerebrolysin – Zusammensetzung, Hersteller (EVER Pharma), FPF-1070 und RegulierungsstatusReference
- Drugs.comCerebrolysin (International) – internationale Verfügbarkeit und HandelsstatusReference
Thymalin
Profile →- PubMed (Neuroendocrinology Letters)Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003.Study
- PMC (International Journal of Molecular Sciences)Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VKh, et al. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. (In-vitro-Studie, u. a. mit Thymalin)Study
- Springer / Advances in GerontologyKuznik BI, Khavinson VKh, Shapovalov KG, et al. Peptide Drug Thymalin Regulates Immune Status in Severe COVID-19 Older Patients. Advances in Gerontology. 2021.Study
- PMC (International Journal of Molecular Sciences)The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 (mechanistische/in-silico- bzw. molekulare Analyse).Study
GDF-11
Profile →- Cell (PubMed)Loffredo et al. (2013): Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophyStudy
- Science (PubMed)Katsimpardi et al. (2014): Vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation of the aging mouse brain by young systemic factorsStudy
- Cell Metabolism (PubMed)Egerman et al. (2015): GDF11 Increases with Age and Inhibits Skeletal Muscle Regeneration (Gegenbefund + Assay-Kreuzreaktivität)Study
- Circulation Research (PubMed)Smith et al. (2015): GDF11 does not rescue aging-related pathological hypertrophy (kardialer Gegenbefund)Study
- Cell Metabolism (PubMed)Schafer et al. (2016): Quantification of GDF11 and Myostatin in Human Aging and Cardiovascular Disease (spezifischer Assay; kein Altersabfall)Study
Oxytocin
Profile →- U.S. National Library of Medicine (DailyMed)PITOCIN (oxytocin injection) – FDA Prescribing InformationAuthority / regulatory
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (Elsevier) – PubMedThe effects of oxytocin administration on social and routinized behaviors in autism: A preregistered systematic review and meta-analysisStudy
- Molecular Psychiatry (Nature) – PubMedAdvances in the field of intranasal oxytocin research: lessons learned and future directions for clinical researchReview
- Pharmaceutics (MDPI) – PMCEffects of Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin and Vasopressin on Social Cognition and Potential Routes and Mechanisms of ActionReview
Gonadorelin
Profile →- WikipediaGonadorelinReference
- Annals of Translational Medicine (PMC8267282; PMID 34277762)Efficacy and safety of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a multicentre clinical studyStudy
- Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism (PMC11156179; PMID 38739523)Pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone therapy for spermatogenesis in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients who had poor response to combined gonadotropin therapyStudy
- Scientific Reports / Nature (PMC6934515; PMID 31882740)Divergent expression patterns of pituitary gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor genes to continuous GnRH in vitro and in vivoStudy
Note: The links lead to official databases and authorities. Content there is continuously updated and exists independently of this app. This page does not replace medical advice.

