Vista para principiantes — todo explicado de forma sencilla.
De dónde viene lo que sabemos
En internet se escribe mucho sobre los péptidos, y buena parte son rumores de foros o de páginas de venta. Nosotros lo hacemos distinto: nos basamos en las fuentes originales, es decir, en estudios reales y en autoridades oficiales. Y las enlazamos para que tú mismo lo compruebes. Aquí explicamos, en pocas palabras, de dónde viene lo que sabemos y por qué puedes confiar en ello.
Empezamos por las fuentes originales
Imagina una historia que pasa de boca en boca: al final suena muy distinta del principio. Así nacen muchas afirmaciones sobre los péptidos. Nosotros preferimos ir directos a la fuente: a los estudios científicos en sí y a los organismos que revisan los medicamentos de forma oficial.
- Estudios de investigadores, no mensajes de foros
- Autoridades oficiales como la EMA europea y la FDA estadounidense
- Sin promesas publicitarias de páginas de venta
Puedes comprobarlo todo tú mismo
Confiar está bien, comprobar está mejor. Por eso enlazamos las fuentes reales en lugar de pedirte que nos creas sin más. No tienes que fiarte de nosotros porque sí: sigue los enlaces y velo con tus propios ojos.
- Enlaces a bases de datos públicas de literatura médica
- Enlaces al registro mundial de ensayos clínicos
- Todo de acceso libre, sin pasar por nosotros
Somos honestos cuando algo no está claro
A veces la investigación es escasa, o por ahora solo hay pruebas en animales, no en personas. No lo ocultamos, porque un honesto «todavía no lo sabemos» vale más que una promesa bonita pero falsa. Cuando faltan pruebas, lo decimos tal cual.
- Separamos con claridad las afirmaciones de los hechos probados
- Las pruebas en animales no demuestran el efecto en personas
- Nombramos las preguntas abiertas en vez de esconderlas
Actualizamos cuando el conocimiento cambia
La ciencia nunca se detiene. Lo que hoy es válido puede completarse o corregirse mañana con un nuevo estudio. Cuando las fuentes avanzan, nosotros las seguimos, porque nuestros contenidos deben crecer con lo que se sabe ahora, no quedarse congelados.
Lo esencial en una frase
Lo que sabemos viene de estudios reales y autoridades oficiales, lo enlazamos todo para que lo compruebes, somos honestos ante la incertidumbre, y nada de esto sustituye una conversación con un médico.
Biblioteca de fuentes
Todas las fuentes primarias y de referencia enlazadas en los perfiles, reunidas para que las leas por tu cuenta. El criterio científico empieza en las fuentes originales — no en foros ni páginas de producto.
PubMed
Base de datos de literatura biomédica (NCBI / NLM).
ClinicalTrials.gov
Registro de ensayos clínicos a nivel mundial.
EMA
Agencia Europea de Medicamentos.
FDA
Agencia estadounidense de medicamentos y alimentos.
Semaglutid
Perfil →- PubMedSELECT — Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (NEJM 2023)Estudio
- ClinicalTrials.govFLOW — Effekt von Semaglutid auf chronische Nierenerkrankung (Studienregister)Ensayo clínico
- EMAPRAC: NAION als sehr seltene Nebenwirkung von Semaglutid (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy)Autoridad / regulación
Tirzepatid
Perfil →Retatrutid
Perfil →BPC-157
Perfil →TB-500 / Thymosin β4
Perfil →GHK-Cu
Perfil →CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin
Perfil →AOD-9604
Perfil →Tesamorelin
Perfil →Semax
Perfil →Selank
Perfil →Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8)
Perfil →Matrixyl (Palmitoyl-Peptide)
Perfil →Epitalon (Epithalon)
Perfil →Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)
Perfil →Sermorelin
Perfil →GHRP-2
Perfil →GHRP-6
Perfil →Hexarelin
Perfil →Somatropin (HGH 191AA)
Perfil →PT-141 (Bremelanotid)
Perfil →Melanotan II
Perfil →Melanotan I (Afamelanotid)
Perfil →MOTS-c
Perfil →SS-31 (Elamipretid)
Perfil →5-Amino-1MQ
Perfil →KPV
Perfil →DSIP
Perfil →LL-37 (Cathelicidin)
Perfil →- PubMedLL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides (Dürr et al., 2006)Revisión
- PubMedLL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity (Fabisiak et al., Pharmacol Rep 2016)Revisión
- PubMed CentralThe Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Potential Treatment for Polymicrobial Infected Wounds (Duplantier & van Hoek, Front Immunol 2013)Revisión
- ClinicalTrials.govInduction of Antitumor Response in Melanoma Patients Using the Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 (abgeschlossene Phase-1/2-Studie)Ensayo clínico
Follistatin
Perfil →- Ueno N et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS), 1987 (PMID 3120188)Isolation and partial characterization of follistatin: a single-chain Mr 35,000 monomeric protein that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormoneEstudio
- Kota J et al., Science Translational Medicine, 2009 (PMID 20368179)Follistatin gene delivery enhances muscle growth and strength in nonhuman primatesEstudio
- Mendell JR et al., Molecular Therapy, 2015 (PMID 25322757)A phase 1/2a follistatin gene therapy trial for Becker muscular dystrophyEnsayo clínico
- ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01519349), Nationwide Children's Hospital — Status: abgeschlossenPhase I Clinical Intramuscular Gene Transfer of rAAV1.CMV.huFollistatin344 Trial to Patients With Becker Muscular Dystrophy and Sporadic Inclusion Body MyositisEnsayo clínico
Humanin
Perfil →- Biology (Basel) — Karachaliou & Livaniou, 2023 (PMID 38132360)Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues: Research Findings and PerspectivesRevisión
- Aging (Albany NY) — Yen et al., 2020 (PMID 32575074)The mitochondrial derived peptide humanin is a regulator of lifespan and healthspanEstudio
- Scientific Reports — Yen et al., 2018 (PMID 30242290)Humanin Prevents Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Mice and is Associated with Improved Cognitive Age in HumansEstudio
- Neuroscience Letters — Tajima et al., 2002 (PMID 12009529)Evidence for in vivo production of Humanin peptide, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-related insultsEstudio
VIP (Vasoaktives Intestinales Peptid)
Perfil →- British Journal of Pharmacology (Harmar et al., 2012) — PMID 22289055Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR Review 1Revisión
- European Respiratory Journal (Leuchte et al., 2008) — PMID 18978135Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertensionEstudio
- Trials (Boesing et al., 2022) — PMID 36127739 / PMC9486780Inhaled aviptadil for the possible treatment of COVID-19 in patients at high risk for ARDS: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trialEnsayo clínico
- ClinicalTrials.gov — NCT04311697ZYESAMI (Aviptadil) for the Treatment of Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory Failure (Phase 2/3, abgeschlossen)Ensayo clínico
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Orphan-Designation vom 28.08.2006EU/3/06/395 — Orphan designation for aviptadil for the treatment of acute lung injuryAutoridad / regulación
Kisspeptin
Perfil →- PubMedYang L, Dhillo WS — Kisspeptin as a therapeutic target in reproduction (Expert Opin Ther Targets, 2016)Revisión
- PubMedJayasena CN et al. — Direct comparison of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men (Human Reproduction, 2015)Estudio
- PubMedRomero-Ruiz A et al. — Kisspeptin treatment induces gonadotropic responses and rescues ovulation in models and women with PCOS (Human Reproduction, 2019)Estudio
- PubMedMills EG et al. — Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With HSDD: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA Network Open, 2023)Ensayo clínico
Liraglutid
Perfil →- New England Journal of Medicine / PubMedLiraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER-Studie)Ensayo clínico
- U.S. FDA / DailyMed (NLM)SAXENDA (liraglutide) injection – Prescribing Information (Boxed Warning, Contraindications, Nebenwirkungen)Autoridad / regulación
- StatPearls / NCBI BookshelfLiraglutide – StatPearls (Wirkmechanismus, Pharmakokinetik, Sicherheit)Referencia
- ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science / PMCInventing Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue, for the Treatment of Diabetes and ObesityRevisión
- Journal of Medical Internet Research / PMCMultifactor Quality and Safety Analysis of Semaglutide Products Sold by Online Sellers Without a PrescriptionEstudio
Dulaglutid
Perfil →- U.S. National Library of Medicine / FDA (DailyMed)TRULICITY (dulaglutide) injection – FDA-Fachinformation (DailyMed), inkl. Boxed Warning zu Schilddrüsen-C-Zell-Tumoren und Kontraindikation bei MTC/MEN 2Autoridad / regulación
- The Lancet (PubMed-verlinkte Stroke-Subanalyse; Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol)Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trialEnsayo clínico
- Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews (Wiley), 2016Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive review of the dulaglutide clinical data focusing on the AWARD phase 3 clinical trial programRevisión
- Diabetes Care (American Diabetes Association), via PubMedEfficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes (AWARD-1)Ensayo clínico
- European Medicines Agency (EMA)EMA alerts EU patients and healthcare professionals to reports of falsified Ozempic pens (GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten – Fälschungswarnung)Autoridad / regulación
Exenatid
Perfil →- New England Journal of Medicine, 2017;377(13):1228-1239Holman RR, Bethel MA et al. – Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (EXSCEL)Ensayo clínico
- ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering Trial (EXSCEL) – NCT01144338Ensayo clínico
- Advances in Therapy, 2017 (PMC5565650)A Review of the Long-Term Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Exenatide Once Weekly for Type 2 DiabetesRevisión
- UnitedHealthcare Provider Resource Library, 2024Discontinuation of Bydureon BCise and Byetta (exenatide)Autoridad / regulación
- PubChem (U.S. National Library of Medicine)Exenatide – Compound Summary (CID 45588096)Referencia
Cagrilintid
Perfil →- New England Journal of Medicine (2025)Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (REDEFINE 1)Ensayo clínico
- The Lancet (2023), PubMed PMID 37364590Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a phase 2 trialEstudio
- ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05567796 (Sponsor: Novo Nordisk A/S, Phase 3)Efficacy and Safety of Cagrilintide s.c. 2.4 mg in Combination With Semaglutide s.c. 2.4 mg (REDEFINE 1)Ensayo clínico
- eBioMedicine (2025), PMC12270663Cagrilintide lowers bodyweight through brain amylin receptors 1 and 3Estudio
- New England Journal of Medicine (2025)Cagrilintide–Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (REDEFINE 2)Ensayo clínico
Survodutid
Perfil →- New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 (PMID 38847460)A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis (Sanyal AJ et al.)Estudio
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2024 (PMID 38330987)Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial (le Roux CW et al.)Estudio
- ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06066515 (Boehringer Ingelheim)SYNCHRONIZE-1: A Study to Test Whether Survodutide (BI 456906) Helps People Living With Overweight or Obesity Who do Not Have Diabetes to Lose Weight (Phase 3)Ensayo clínico
- ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06077864 (Boehringer Ingelheim)SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT: A Study to Test the Effect of Survodutide (BI 456906) on Cardiovascular Safety in People With Overweight or Obesity (Phase 3)Ensayo clínico
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2025 (PMID 39582349; PMC11701180)Survodutide improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: a post hoc analysis from a phase 2 trial (Roux CW et al.)Estudio
Mazdutid
Perfil →- eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet) / PMCSafety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: a randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trialEstudio
- Nature CommunicationsA phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesityEstudio
- NatureMazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (Phase 3)Estudio
- Innovent Biologics (PR Newswire)Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval from China's NMPA for Chronic Weight ManagementReferencia
- Innovent Biologics (PR Newswire)Innovent Announces Mazdutide Received Approval from China's NMPA for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 DiabetesReferencia
Setmelanotid
Perfil →- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) / DailyMedIMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection – Highlights of Prescribing Information (Initial U.S. Approval 2020)Autoridad / regulación
- Clément K, et al. – Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2020 (PMID 33137293)Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trialsEstudio
- Haqq AM, et al. – Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2022 (PMID 36356613)Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trialEstudio
- StatPearls Publishing / NCBI Bookshelf (NBK589641)Setmelanotide – StatPearlsReferencia
Pentadeca Arginate (PDA)
Perfil →- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes (S0, WADA-Verbot; nicht für menschliche Anwendung) – betrifft BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischAutoridad / regulación
- Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024, PMC11053547The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity (Mechanismen: NO-System, VEGF/Angiogenese; überwiegend präklinisch) – BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischRevisión
- Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025, PMC11859134Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide—Literature and Patent Review (Studien überwiegend an Tiermodellen; nicht als Arzneimittel verschrieben, am Schwarzmarkt verfügbar) – BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischRevisión
- Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2025, PMC12446177Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing (Humandaten äußerst spärlich, nur wenige Pilotstudien; nicht für klinischen Einsatz empfohlen) – BPC-157, nicht PDA-spezifischRevisión
ARA-290 (Cibinetide)
Perfil →- Molecular Medicine (PubMed, PMID 23168581)Safety and efficacy of ARA 290 in sarcoidosis patients with symptoms of small fiber neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind pilot studyEstudio
- Molecular Medicine (PubMed, PMID 24136731)ARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber densityEstudio
- Molecular Medicine (PubMed, PMID 25387363)ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetesEstudio
- ClinicalTrials.govA Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Phase 2 Dose Ranging Study of the Effects of ARA 290 on Corneal Nerve Fiber Density and Neuropathic Symptoms of Subjects With Sarcoidosis (NCT02039687)Ensayo clínico
Ipamorelin
Perfil →- PubMedRaun et al.: „Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue“ (Eur J Endocrinol, 1998)Estudio
- ClinicalTrials.govPhase-II-Studie: Safety and Efficacy of Ipamorelin for Management of Post-Operative Ileus (NCT00672074)Estudio
- WikipediaIpamorelin — Übersicht (NNC 26-0161, Novo Nordisk, Status, Pharmakologie)Referencia
- World Anti-Doping AgencyWADA — The Prohibited List (Ipamorelin namentlich unter S2)Referencia
IGF-1 LR3
Perfil →- Wikipedia (englischsprachiger Übersichtsartikel mit Quellenangaben)IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) – Struktur (Arg3-Austausch, 13-Aminosäuren-N-terminale Verlängerung), reduzierte IGFBP-Bindung und verlängerte WirkdauerReferencia
- Wikipedia (englischsprachiger Übersichtsartikel mit Quellenangaben)Mecasermin (Increlex) – rekombinantes humanes IGF-1, zugelassene Indikation und Abgrenzung zum nativen IGF-1Referencia
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)INCRELEX (mecasermin) injection – Highlights of Prescribing InformationAutoridad / regulación
- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)IGF-1 and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List (exogenes IGF-1 und Analoga jederzeit verboten, Klasse S2)Autoridad / regulación
- Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022 / PubMed Central (PMC9395641)Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Carcinogenesis, cancer drug resistance, and therapeutic potentialEstudio
Cerebrolysin
Perfil →- Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsCerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane Systematic Review, Ziganshina et al., 2023)Revisión
- PubMed / Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsCerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (CD007026, pub7) – PubMed-EintragReferencia
- Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsCerebrolysin for vascular dementia (Cochrane Systematic Review, Cui et al., 2019)Revisión
- WikipediaCerebrolysin – Zusammensetzung, Hersteller (EVER Pharma), FPF-1070 und RegulierungsstatusReferencia
- Drugs.comCerebrolysin (International) – internationale Verfügbarkeit und HandelsstatusReferencia
Thymalin
Perfil →- PubMed (Neuroendocrinology Letters)Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003.Estudio
- PMC (International Journal of Molecular Sciences)Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VKh, et al. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. (In-vitro-Studie, u. a. mit Thymalin)Estudio
- Springer / Advances in GerontologyKuznik BI, Khavinson VKh, Shapovalov KG, et al. Peptide Drug Thymalin Regulates Immune Status in Severe COVID-19 Older Patients. Advances in Gerontology. 2021.Estudio
- PMC (International Journal of Molecular Sciences)The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 (mechanistische/in-silico- bzw. molekulare Analyse).Estudio
GDF-11
Perfil →- Cell (PubMed)Loffredo et al. (2013): Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophyEstudio
- Science (PubMed)Katsimpardi et al. (2014): Vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation of the aging mouse brain by young systemic factorsEstudio
- Cell Metabolism (PubMed)Egerman et al. (2015): GDF11 Increases with Age and Inhibits Skeletal Muscle Regeneration (Gegenbefund + Assay-Kreuzreaktivität)Estudio
- Circulation Research (PubMed)Smith et al. (2015): GDF11 does not rescue aging-related pathological hypertrophy (kardialer Gegenbefund)Estudio
- Cell Metabolism (PubMed)Schafer et al. (2016): Quantification of GDF11 and Myostatin in Human Aging and Cardiovascular Disease (spezifischer Assay; kein Altersabfall)Estudio
Oxytocin
Perfil →- U.S. National Library of Medicine (DailyMed)PITOCIN (oxytocin injection) – FDA Prescribing InformationAutoridad / regulación
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (Elsevier) – PubMedThe effects of oxytocin administration on social and routinized behaviors in autism: A preregistered systematic review and meta-analysisEstudio
- Molecular Psychiatry (Nature) – PubMedAdvances in the field of intranasal oxytocin research: lessons learned and future directions for clinical researchRevisión
- Pharmaceutics (MDPI) – PMCEffects of Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin and Vasopressin on Social Cognition and Potential Routes and Mechanisms of ActionRevisión
Gonadorelin
Perfil →- WikipediaGonadorelinReferencia
- Annals of Translational Medicine (PMC8267282; PMID 34277762)Efficacy and safety of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a multicentre clinical studyEstudio
- Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism (PMC11156179; PMID 38739523)Pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone therapy for spermatogenesis in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients who had poor response to combined gonadotropin therapyEstudio
- Scientific Reports / Nature (PMC6934515; PMID 31882740)Divergent expression patterns of pituitary gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor genes to continuous GnRH in vitro and in vivoEstudio
Aviso: los enlaces llevan a bases de datos y autoridades oficiales. Su contenido se actualiza continuamente y existe con independencia de esta app. Esta página no sustituye el consejo médico.

